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| Immunity in Man |
Immunity refers to the ability of the human body to
recognize, resist and fight off infections caused by microorganisms like
bacteria, viruses, and parasites. The human immune system is a complex network
of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against
harmful invaders. The immune system is capable of recognizing and remembering
past infections and can produce an appropriate response to fend off future
infections. This ability to remember and respond quickly to infections is known
as acquired immunity.
The human immune system:
The human immune system is divided into two types: innate
and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense
against infection. It is present at birth and is not influenced by past
exposure to pathogens. Innate immunity is a nonspecific response that provides
rapid and temporary protection against a wide range of pathogens. The cells and
tissues that make up innate immunity include skin, mucous membranes, and cells
like macrophages and natural killer cells.
Adaptive immunity:
Adaptive immunity, on the other hand, is a more specific
response that develops after exposure to a pathogen. The adaptive immune system
is capable of recognizing and responding to specific pathogens. This response
is slower than innate immunity, but it is more long-lasting and effective. The
cells that make up the adaptive immune system include T cells and B cells. T
cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity and are responsible for
killing infected cells directly. B cells produce antibodies that help to
neutralize pathogens.
The human immune system is capable of recognizing and
responding to a wide range of pathogens. However, the immune system can
sometimes fail to recognize or respond to an infection, leading to the
development of diseases like AIDS, cancer, and autoimmune diseases.
The human body:
The human body is constantly exposed to microorganisms, and
the immune system must be able to recognize and respond to these pathogens in
order to protect the body. The immune system uses a variety of mechanisms to
identify and respond to pathogens, including the production of antibodies,
cell-mediated immunity, and the activation of complement. Antibodies are
proteins produced by B cells that are specific to a particular pathogen.
Antibodies bind to the surface of pathogens, neutralizing them and marking them
for destruction by other cells of the immune system.
Cell-mediated immunity:
Cell-mediated immunity is the response of T cells to
infected cells. T cells are capable of recognizing and killing infected cells
directly. The activation of T cells is an important part of the immune response
to viruses and intracellular bacteria.
The complement system:
The complement system is a group of proteins that are
involved in the recognition and elimination of pathogens. The complement system
works by marking pathogens for destruction by other cells of the immune system.
The complement system also stimulates inflammation, which is important in the
removal of dead and dying cells and pathogens.
There are several factors :
There are several factors that can affect the ability of the
immune system to function effectively. Some of these factors include age, diet,
stress, and chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. The elderly and
people with chronic diseases are at increased risk of infections because their
immune systems may not function as well as they should.
Stress:
Stress can also affect the function of the immune system.
Chronic stress can lead to the production of hormones like cortisol, which can
suppress the immune response. Stress can also lead to changes in the gut
microbiome, which can negatively impact the immune system.
Diet:
Diet is also an important factor in the functioning of the
immune system. A diet that is low in nutrients, like vitamins and minerals, can
negatively impact the immune system. A diet that is high in sugar, fat, and
processed foods can also negatively impact the immune system.
The human immune system is constantly changing in response
to the changing environment. The immune system must be able to recognize and
respond to new and emerging pathogens. This is
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